Ағылшын тілі грамматикасы сызба кестелерде

Sequence of tenses (Шақтардың қиысуы)


1	Present Indefinite	Past Indefinite
2	Present Continuous	Past Continuous
3	Present Perfect	Past Perfect
4	Past Indefinite	Past Perfect
5	Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
6	Past Perfect	Past Perfect
7	Future Indefinite	Future — in the Past

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
now	then	next week	the next week the following week
today	that day	last week	the previous week
tomorrow	the next day the following day	last year	the year before
the day after tomorrow	two days later	here	there
yesterday	the day before the previous day	this	that
the day before yesterday	two days before	these	those
		ago	before

Conditional sentences

	Structure	Example	Expresses
Real	Fut.Sim.+ if +Pr.Sim If+Pr.Sim + Fut.Sim.	I’ll go to the cinema, if I am not busy If I am not busy, I’ll go to the cinema	Real situation and its result

Unreal	Fut-in the P.+if+Past Sim. If+Past Sim. +Fut-in the P.	I would travel all over the world, if I had much money	Unreal situation and its result

Rules of reading

Vowels	I type (open)	II type (closed)	III type (V+r)	IV type (V+r+V)
Aa [ei]	[ei] plate	[æ] bag	[a:] car	[εә] hare
Oo [ou]	[ou] pose	[o] box	[o:] fork	[o:] more
Ee [i:]	[i:] tree	[e] ten	[ә:] her	[iә] here
Ii [ai]	[ai] nine	[I] six	[ә:] girl	[aiә] fire
Yy [ai]	[ai] my	[I] gym	[ә:] byrd	[іә] tyre
Uu [ju:]	[ju:] pupil	[^] bus	[ә:] turn	[juә] pure

Spain	ai	[ei]	oo+k	[u]	Book
Day	ay	[ei]	oo	[u:]	Foot
August	au	[o:]	ow	[au]	Out
Law	aw	[o:]	ou	[au]	Brown
Sea	ea	[i:]	ow	[ou]	Window
Meet	ee	[i:]	oa	[ou]	Oak
New	ew	[ju:]	ai+r	[εә]	Chair
Neutral	eu	[ju:]	ee+r	[iә]	Engineer
They	ey	[ei]	ou+r	[auә]	Our
Point	oi	[oi]	oo+r	[o:]	Door
Boy	oy	[oi]

Cc	[s] before e,i,y	City, pencil, cycle	Th	[θ]	Thick, thin
Cc	[k]	Cat, come	Th	[∂]	This, than
Gg	[dз]	Gin, gentle, gym	wh	[h] before o	Who
Gg	[g]	Garden, bag	wh	[w]	When, why
ch	[t∫]	Chair	wr	[r]	Write
tch	[t∫]	Match	— ssion	[∫n]	Mission
sh	[∫]	She	— tion	[∫n]	Dictation
qu	[kw]	Quick	— sion	[зn]	Revision
ng	[ŋ]	Long	— ture	[∫ә]	Picture
nk	[ŋk]	Thank

The Noun

1	Proper nouns (жалқы)	Peter, Smith, Teddy, Moscow, the Volga, “New Times”
	Common nouns (жалпы)	Boy, snow, dog, school, friendship
2	Concrete nouns (деректi)	Mary, cat, table, butter, book
	Abstract nouns (дерексiз)	Love, idea, cold, meeting, summer
3	Animate nouns (жанды)	Jane, cat, girl, horse
	Inanimate nouns (жансыз)	River, table, iron

Number

		Singular	Plural
1	— s	Book Boy	Books Boys
2	— es	Bus Bush Speech Match Box	Buses Bushes Speeches Matches Boxes
3	— es	Potato Tomato	Potatoes Tomatoes
4	— s	Photo Piano Zero Rhino	Photos Pianos Zeros Rhinos
5	y → i	Army Strawberry	Armies Strawberries
6	f → v	Leaf Knife	Leaves Knives
7	—	Man Woman Child Foot Tooth Goose Mouse Sheep Deer	Men Women Children Feet Teeth Geese Mice Sheep Deer

Word order (сөз тәртiбi)

	1	2	3	4
Adverbial modifier Пысықтауыш	Subject Бастауыш	Predicate Баяндауыш	Object Толықтауыш	Adverbial modifier Пысықтауыш

In summer	Peter	wrote	them letters	very often

Анықтауыш (Attribute) өзi анықтайтын сөзден бұрын (предлогсыз) немесе кейiн (предлогпен) келедi I like your dog. That dog of yours is very good.

Сұраулы сөйлем түрлерi

№	Түрi	Жасалуы		Мысал

1	General question (жалпы)	Pr₁+Sub.+Pr₂?		Does he read English books?
				Сan you read English books?
				Is he a good people?

2	Special question (арнайы)	1	Qu.+Pr₁+Sub.+Pr₂?	Where do you live?
				What can you do?
				Where is he?
		2	Qu.+Pr ? (Бастауышқа немесе оның анықтауышына)	Who is reading a book?
				Whose book is lying on the table?

	Alternative question (балама)	Gq₁+ or+Gq₂		Is it a book or a copybook?
				Do you go to the cinema or to the theatre?

4	Disjunctive question (демеулiктi)	1	Af.st,+Pr₁+not+Per.Pr?	He is reading, isn’t he?
		2	Neg.st,+Pr₁+Per.Pr?	He has a book, hasn’t he?

Pr₁ – 1.көмекшi етiстiк Af.st – болымды сөйлем 2.модальды етiстiк Neg.st – болымсыз сөйлем 3. байланыстырушы етiстiк Per.Pr – жiктеу есiмдiгi

11 Non-finite forms of the verb

Infinitive (to _) Iс-әрекеттi бiлдiретiн қ етiстiктiң түрi
1	Indefinite Infinitive	V₁	I want to speak to him I can read this story
2	Passive Infinitive	to be+V₃	Peter is glad to be invited by me
3	Perfect Infinitive	to have+V₃	I am glad to have spoken to him
4	Continuous Infinitive	to be+V₄	It was pleasant to be driving the car again
5	Perfect Continuous Infinitive	to have been+V₄	They seem to have been reading this book for a long time

Gerund Iс-әрекеттi бiлдiретiн жајқсыз етiстiктiң түрi
1	Indefinite Gerund	V₁+ing	Stark sat without speaking
2	Perfect Gerund	having+V₃	He felt better for having written the letter
3	Passive Gerund	being+V₃	I like being invited to their house

Participle I Iс-әрекеттi бiр заттың немесе әрекеттiң сипаты ретiнде көрсететiн жақсыз етiстiктiң түрi
1	Indefinite Participle I	V₄	The street was full of people, laughing and going home
2	Perfect Participle I	having+V₃	Having read the book I gave it to Peter
3	Passive Participle I	being+V₃	Cecilia had heard very little being absorbed in her own reflections
4	Perfect Passive Participle I	having been+V₃	I am going the same day myself having been detained here two days

Participle II

V₃

The boy invited by Peter is a friend of mine

Зат есiмнiң жасалу жолдары

I. Префикстер арқылы
1	Dis —	Disbelief	5	Sub —	Subway
2	Mis —	Misbehavior	6	Re —	Recount
3	Co —	Copilot	7	Auto —	Autobiography
4	Counter-	Counteraction	8	Vice —	Vice -president

II. Суффикстер арқылы
Түбiр зат есiмнен			Түбiр сын есiмнен
1	— er	Londoner	1	— ness	Happiness
2	— ess	Actress	2	— ty	Property
3	— hood	Childhood	3	— dom	Freedom
4	— ship	Friendship		Түбiр етiстiктен
5	— (e)ry	Chemistry		Түбiр етiстiктен
6	— let	Booklet	1	— er(or)	Worker, actor
7	— ette	Kitchenette	2	— ant(ent)	Assistant
8	— ite	Muskovite	3	— (a)tion	Organization
9	— (i)an	Russian	4	— ing	Building
10	— ese	Chinese	5	— ment	Movement
11	— ist	Violonist	6	— al	Refusal
12	-ism	Heroism	7	— ee	Addressee

III. Бiрiгу арқылы			IV. Конверсия (сөз табының өзгеруi)
1	Зат е.+зат е.	Rainbow	1	to doubt	doubt
2	Сын е.+зат е.	Blackboard	2	to love	love
3	Yстеу+зат е.	Afternoon
4	Етiстiк+зат е.	Knitwear	1	comic	(a) comic
5	Зат е.+етiстiк	Handshake	2	Rich	(the)rich

Сын есiмнiң жасалуы

I. Префикс арқылы
1	Un —	Unfair	8	Anti —	Antifascist
2	Im —	Impossible	9	Inter —	International
3	Dis —	Dishonest	10	Post —	Post-war
4	Super —	Supernatural	11	Uni —	Unilateral
5	Sub —	Subconscious	12	Bi —	Bilingual
6	Ultra —	Ultra-violet	13	Multi —	Multilateral
7	Hyper —	Hupercritical	14	Poly —	Polysyllabic

II.Суффикс арқылы
Түбiр зат есiмнен			Түбiр етiстiктен
1	— ful	Useful	1	— able	Readable
2	— less	Helpless	2	— y	Sleepy
3	— ly	Friendly	3	— ive	Attractive
4	— y	Creamy
5	— ish	Foolish
6	— al	Musical
7	— ous	Dangerous

Бiрiгу арқылы
1	Зат е.+ прич 1	Heart-breaking
2	Сын е.+ прич 1	Good-looking
3	Зат е.+ прич 2	Hand-made
4	Зат е.+ сын е	Sea-green

Degrees of comparison

		Positive	Comparative	Superlative
1	Бiр буынды	strong	stronger	(the) strongest
2	Кей екi буынды сөз	easy clever narrow	easier cleverer narrower	(the) easiest (the) cleverest (the) narrowest
3	Көп буынды	interesting	more interesting	(the) most interesting
4	Ерекше жағдай	good bad little many (much)	better worse less more	(the) best (the) worst (the) least (the) most
Қолданылуы		As ….as	… than	the …
		He is tall She is as tall as her brother	He is taller than his sister	He is the tallest in the family

Passive –тегi етiстiктiң шақтық формаларын да осылай жасап шығуға болады.

Ескерту: Passive –те Continuous тобында Future\Future – in the Past жоқ. Ал, Perfect Continuous тобы мүлде болмайды

Passive Voice be+V₃
	Indefinite ( — )	Continuous (be + V₄)	Perfect (have+V₃)
Present (V₁)	be invited	be being invited	have been invited
Past (V₂)	was\were invited	was\were being invited	had been invited
Future (shall\will+ V₁)	shall\will be invited		shall\will have been invited
Future – in the Past (should\ would+V₁)	should\would be invited		should\would have been invited

Past Continuous Passive

V₂be + V₄be+V₃ бұдан be₂+be₄ +V₃

Яғни was\were being invited

“To be”, “to have” етiстiктерiнiң осы шақта жiктелуi
		Pronouns	“to be”	“to have”
Singular	1 person	I	аm	have
	2 person	You	аre	have
	3 person	He She It	іs	has
Plural	1 person	We	аre	have
	2 person	You	аre	have
	3 person	They	аre	have

The finite forms of the verb

Active Voice

Indefinite

( — )

Continuous

(be + V₄)

Perfect

(have+V₃)

Perfect Continuous

(have been+V₄)

Present

(V₁)

invite

be inviting

have invited

have been inviting

Past

(V₂)

invited

was\were inviting

had invited

had been inviting

Future

(shall\will+

V₁)

shall\will

invite

shall\will

be inviting

shall\will

have invited

shall\will have been inviting

Future – in the Past

(should\

would+V₁)

should\

would

invite

should\

would

be inviting

should\

would

have invited

should\

would

have been inviting

Етiстiктiң шақтық формалары белгiлi бiр қағидаға сүйенiп жасалады.

V₁ — V₂ — V₃ — V₄

to invite — invited – invited – inviting

Past Perfect

V₂have+V₃ бұдан have₂+ V_{3 ,}яғни had invited

Future Perfect Continuous

shall\will+V₁have+V₃be + V₄бұдан

shall\will have been inviting

Ескерту: көмекшi етiстiк алдыңғы етiстiктiң формасына ауысады, ал соңғы етiстiк сөйлемдегi толық мағыналы негiзгi етiстiк

The Pronouns

		Personal Pronoun		Possessive Pronoun		Reflexive Pronoun
		Nominative case	Objective case	Main form	Absolute form	Reflexive Pronoun
Singular	1 Per	I	me	my	mine	myself
	2 Per	you	you	your	yours	yourself
	3 Per	he she it	him her it	his her its	his hers its	himself herself itself
Plural	1 Per	we	us	our	ours	ourselves
	2 Per	you	you	your	yours	yourselves
	3 Per	they	them	their	theirs	themselves
Қолдануы		Атау септiгiнде	Басқа септiк-терде	Зат есiмнен
Қолдануы		Атау септiгiнде	Басқа септiк-терде	Бұрын	Кейiн
Мысалы		I wrote him a letter We met them at the theatre		This is my book and this is yours		He washed himself

Indefinite and negative pronouns
1	Some, somebody, someone, something	… used in the affirmative sentences	I have some English books
2	Any, anybody, anyone, anything	… used in the interrogative and negative (…not) sentences	Have you any English books? I don’t have any English books
3	No, nobody, no one, nothing	… used in the negative sentences	I have no English books

Demonstrative pronouns
	Singular	Plural
1	This	These
2	That	Those
	I have this book and you have that one	These shoes don’t fit. Show me those ones

5 The numeral

	Cardinal numerals (есептiк)			Ordinal numerals (реттiк)
		1-12			1-3
1			one		the first
2			two		the second
3			three		the third

4			four	— th жалға- нады	the fourth
12			twelve		the twelfth
		13-19
13		— teen жалға нады	thirteen		the thirteenth
14			fourteen		the fourteenth
19			nineteen		the nineteenth
		20, 30,….90		Y→ie
20		— ty жалға- нады	twenty		the twentieth
30			thirty		the thirtieth
90			ninety		the ninetieth

21			twenty-one		the twenty-first
22			twenty-two		the twenty-second

100 – a hundred 1000 – a thousand

615 – six hundred and fifteen

2006 – two thousand and six

5700 – five thousand , seven hundred

2753000 – two million , seven hundred and fifty three

thousand

8.56 – eight point fifty-six

III. 2\7 – two sevenths

In 17 87 — in seventeen eighty-nine

In 19 00 – in nineteen hundred

Жылды оқығанда екi саннан бөлiп оқиды

Етiстiктiң түрлерi

	Түрi	Етiстiк	Мысал	Қолданылуы
1	Негiзгi	speak take	Mary speaks English I took the book from the library yesterday	Cөйлемдегi негiзгi әрекеттi бiлдiредi
2	Көмекшi	do be have shall will	Do you speak English? He doesn’t speak Russian I am speaking She has spoken I shall go there He will have asked	Болымсыз сөйлем сұраулы сөйлем, шақтық формаларды жасауға көмектеседi
3	Байланыс-тырушы	be	Peter is a good people
4	Модальды	can\could may\might must should ought to	She can read May I open the window? He may come back tomorrow You must come to school on time You should (ought to) be more polite to him You should (ought to) have tidied up your room	Мүмкiндiк Рұқсат Болжам Мiндет Ақыл-кеңес Ескерту бiлдiредi

Етiстiктiң формалары

	Infinitive V₁	Past Indefinite V₂	Participle II V₃	Participle I V₄

Regular (дұрыс)		— ed жалғанады		-ing жалғанады

	(to) ask	ask-ed	ask-ed	ask-ing
	(to) answer	answer-ed	answer-ed	answer-ing

Irregular (бұрыс)		арнайы кестеде берiледi		-ing жалғанады
	(to) be	was\were	been	be-ing
	(to) write	wrote	written	writ-ing
	(to) speak	spoke	spoken	speak-ing
	(to) read	read	read	read-ing

Ағылшын тілі грамматикасы сызба кестелерде

Ағылшын тілі грамматикасы сызба кестелерде

Conditional sentences

The Noun

Number

Boys

11

Non-finite forms of the verb

Participle I

Participle II

Зат есiмнiң жасалу жолдары

Dis —

Sub —

Сын есiмнiң жасалуы

Un —

Anti —

The finite forms of the verb

The Pronouns

5

The numeral

Етiстiктiң түрлерi

Етiстiктiң формалары